NUTS-3 RO113 · Romania
Cluj
Export region data (CSV)Cluj generates €19bn of GDP across 697.4k residents. Its Opportunity Index of 41.9/100 is mid-table of EU regions, led by economic scale and economic growth. Its economy has grown +10.8%/yr over five years, with the employment rate down 1.5pp. On quality of life it ranks strongest for safety (51.7th EU percentile) and weakest for education (3.5th).
Opportunity Index · composite triage (experimental)
41.9
/ 100 · blends growth, livability, market access & scale · 4/4 pillars
Growth45.8
Livability23.8
Market access18
Economic scale80
Equal-weighted mean of four EU-percentile pillars (deliberately orthogonal: growth=trend, livability=quality, market=distance-weighted demand proxy, scale=absolute GDP). Experimental — a screening triage, not investment advice.
Resilience Index · downside / risk lens (experimental)
34.3
/ 100 · higher = more resilient to downturns · 4/4 pillars
GDP stability20
Labour stability74
Diversification17
Demographic stability26
Inverse of GDP-growth & unemployment volatility (since 2008, incl. 2009/2020 shocks), economic diversification (inverse HHI) and population stability — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher withstands downturns better. Experimental.
Connectivity Index · transit · air · market access (experimental)
47
/ 100 · higher = better-connected · 3/3 facets
Transit density28
Airport access95
Market access18
Public-transport stop density, proximity to a major airport, and gravity access to surrounding economic mass — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher = better-connected. Experimental.
Talent & Human Capital Index · skills base (experimental)
13.8
/ 100 · higher = deeper skills base than more EU regions · 4/4 facets
Young tertiary4
Lifelong learning20
Knowledge workers4
Scientists & engineers27
Young tertiary attainment (25–34), adult lifelong learning, knowledge-worker share and scientists & engineers — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher = deeper talent pool. Experimental.
Clean-Air Score · air-quality livability (experimental)
6.3
/ 100 · higher = cleaner air than more EU regions · 3/3 pollutants
PM2.518.3 µg/m³
PM1023.1 µg/m³
NO223.6 µg/m³
PM2.5, PM10 & NO2 annual means from official monitoring networks, inverted (lower pollution = higher) and EU-percentile-ranked. Higher = cleaner air; ground-level ozone is shown separately. Experimental.
Quality of Life · composite (experimental)
23.8
/ 100 · EU-relative · 7/7 pillars
Economy43.5
Jobs23
Education3.5
Health5
Safety51.7
Connectivity33.5
Environment6.7
Equal-weighted percentile across 6 pillars vs all EU NUTS-3; lower-is-better indicators (crime, unemployment, mortality) inverted. Experimental — regional screening only.
Growth momentum · trend analytics
45.8
/ 100 momentum · EU-relative · 5/5 signals
GDP growth · 5-yr
+10.8%
CAGR, nominal
GDP growth · 10-yr
+10.9%
CAGR, nominal
Acceleration
-0.1 pp
5-yr vs 10-yr
vs country avg
+1.7 pp
inflation-adj.
Population · 5-yr
-0.3%
CAGR
Employment rate
-1.5 pp
5-yr change
Unemployment
+2.1 pp
5-yr change
Compound annual growth to the latest available year vs all EU NUTS-3; GDP is nominal EUR (“vs country avg” removes most national inflation). Screening signal, not a forecast.
Economic structure · gross value added by sector
Dominant: Trade · transport · ICT · 40%Moderately concentrated · HHI 2550
Agriculture 1.1%Industry 16.2%Construction 7.4%Trade · transport · ICT 40%Finance · real estate · prof. 19.8%Public · health · education 15.4%
Share of total GVA (latest year). HHI = sum of squared sector shares ×10,000; higher means a more concentrated, single-sector-dependent economy (more cyclicality risk).
All indicators · 72 more metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€17,030M
2024 · EU pctl 80
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€193M
2024 · EU pctl 58
GVA — industry (B–E)
€2,762M
2024 · EU pctl 69
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€2,193M
2023 · EU pctl 71
GVA — construction (F)
€1,267M
2024 · EU pctl 86
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€6,813M
2024 · EU pctl 90
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source)
€9,100
2023 · EU pctl 4 · NUTS-2 src
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
44,800 PPS
2024 · EU pctl 83
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€27,000
2024 · EU pctl 31
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy)
€8,805M
2023 · EU pctl 30 · NUTS-2 src
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C)
€1,026M
2023 · EU pctl 24 · NUTS-2 src
Compensation of employees (total wage bill)
€16,038M
2023 · EU pctl 25 · NUTS-2 src
GVA — real estate activities (L)
€1,022M
2024 · EU pctl 53
GVA — information & communication (J)
€3,544M
2024 · EU pctl 93
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€3,378M
2024 · EU pctl 77
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€2,616M
2024 · EU pctl 69
Labour market
Employment, total persons
356,560
2024 · EU pctl 89
Self-employed persons
43,270
2023 · EU pctl 83
Employment in manufacturing (C)
66,190
2023 · EU pctl 93
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source)
68.4%
2025 · EU pctl 9 · NUTS-2 src
Youth unemployment rate (15–24)
28.3%
2025 · EU pctl 91 · NUTS-2 src
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
58,982
2023 · EU pctl 88
Enterprise births
7,271
2023 · EU pctl 91
Enterprise deaths
4,497
2023 · EU pctl 86
3-year enterprise survival rate
5.5%
2023 · EU pctl 76
Innovation & R&D
EPO patent applications
3
2012 · EU pctl 19
EPO patent applications per million inhabitants
4 /M pop
2012 · EU pctl 11
R&D expenditure as % of GDP
0.3%
2023 · EU pctl 3 · NUTS-2 src
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total)
3.3%
2025 · EU pctl 25 · NUTS-2 src
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64
18.6%
2025 · EU pctl 4 · NUTS-2 src
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool)
22.8%
2025 · EU pctl 4 · NUTS-2 src
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks)
7.5%
2025 · EU pctl 20 · NUTS-2 src
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force)
15.4%
2025 · EU pctl 4 · NUTS-2 src
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force)
7.1%
2025 · EU pctl 27 · NUTS-2 src
Digital
Households with internet access
94.5%
2025 · EU pctl 39 · NUTS-2 src
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
1,200,481
2025 · EU pctl 57
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants
436 /1k pop
2024 · EU pctl 9 · NUTS-2 src
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
804
CURRENT · EU pctl 47
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
115
CURRENT · EU pctl 28
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
12
CURRENT · EU pctl 5
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
1
CURRENT · EU pctl 15
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
455,317
2025 · EU pctl 89
Population aged 65+
137,100
2025 · EU pctl 86
Population aged under 15
104,957
2025 · EU pctl 88
Median age of population
42.2 yrs
2025 · EU pctl 13
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
30.1%
2025 · EU pctl 13
Crude rate of total population change
5.6 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 78
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
8.9 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 82
Crude birth rate
8.1 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 59
Crude death rate
11.4 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 46
Live births
5,623
2024 · EU pctl 88
Deaths
7,913
2024 · EU pctl 90
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
53.2%
2025 · EU pctl 14
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
1.22
2024 · EU pctl 23
Population density (persons per km²)
105 /km²
2024 · EU pctl 43
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE)
27.5%
2025 · EU pctl 85 · NUTS-2 src
Life expectancy at birth
76.6 yrs
2024 · EU pctl 5 · NUTS-2 src
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants
752 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 93 · NUTS-2 src
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate)
1,857 /100k
2021 · EU pctl 95 · NUTS-2 src
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate)
255 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 84 · NUTS-2 src
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.7 /100k
2024 · EU pctl 53
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
15.6 /100k
2024 · EU pctl 38
Burglaries per 100k inhabitants
128 /100k
2024 · EU pctl 29
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
153 /100k
2024 · EU pctl 8
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants
65 /M pop
2024 · EU pctl 84 · NUTS-2 src
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
429 m
CURRENT · EU pctl 75
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
16 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 72
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
107 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 89
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
3 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 33
Environment
PM10 (coarse particulate matter) annual mean concentration — mean across EEA air-quality monitoring stations within the region (verified E1a data). Lower is better.
23
2024 · EU pctl 88
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) annual mean concentration — a traffic / combustion pollutant; mean across EEA monitoring stations within the region (verified E1a data). Lower is better.
24
2024 · EU pctl 94
O3 (ground-level ozone) annual mean concentration — a summer-smog pollutant; mean across EEA monitoring stations within the region (verified E1a data).
43
2024 · EU pctl 6
Similar regions · nearest peers on standardised NUTS-3 indicators
Other Romania regions