NUTS-3 ITI19 · Italy
Siena
Siena generates €9.7bn of GDP across 259.5k residents. Its Opportunity Index of 48.3/100 is mid-table of EU regions, led by economic scale and livability. Its economy has grown +2.2%/yr over five years, with the employment rate up 5.0pp. On quality of life it ranks strongest for health (89.5th EU percentile) and weakest for clean environment (15th).
Long-run trajectory · EU percentile of real GDP per head, 1995–2024
Long-run faller79 → 61 EU percentile since 1995 (-18 ranks)
Yearly EU-wide percentile of real GDP per head (ARDECO regional accounts, constant 2020 prices, derived over population). 50 = the EU median that year; percentiles are scale-free, so decades are directly comparable. See the backtest for what long-run prosperity ranks do — and don't — anticipate.
Mandate pillar profile · EU percentiles (screener dimensions)
Demographic outlook78
Digital readiness72
Economic base70
Cost advantage59
Connectivity57
Quality of life54
Industrial base53
Resilience48
Energy cost46
Growth momentum38
Labour market30
Talent & skills23
Governance20
Freight intensity17
Each bar is this region's EU percentile on a screener pillar (higher = better for siting; cost & energy are inverted so cheap scores high). These are the exact weights you tune in the Site Screener.
Opportunity Index · composite triage (experimental)
48.3
/ 100 · blends growth, livability, market access & scale · 4/4 pillars
Growth37.6
Livability53.6
Market access44
Economic scale58
Equal-weighted mean of four EU-percentile pillars (deliberately orthogonal: growth=trend, livability=quality, market=distance-weighted demand proxy, scale=absolute GDP). Experimental — a screening triage, not investment advice.
Resilience Index · downside / risk lens (experimental)
47.5
/ 100 · higher = more resilient to downturns · 4/4 pillars
GDP stability62
Labour stability42
Diversification63
Demographic stability23
Inverse of GDP-growth & unemployment volatility (since 2008, incl. 2009/2020 shocks), economic diversification (inverse HHI) and population stability — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher withstands downturns better. Experimental.
Connectivity Index · transit · air · market access (experimental)
57.3
/ 100 · higher = better-connected · 3/3 facets
Transit density98
Airport access30
Market access44
Public-transport stop density, proximity to a major airport, and gravity access to surrounding economic mass — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher = better-connected. Experimental.
Talent & Human Capital Index · skills base (experimental)
23.3
/ 100 · higher = deeper skills base than more EU regions · 4/4 facets
Young tertiary13
Lifelong learning61
Knowledge workers12
Scientists & engineers7
Young tertiary attainment (25–34), adult lifelong learning, knowledge-worker share and scientists & engineers — each EU-percentile-ranked. Higher = deeper talent pool. Experimental.
Quality of Life · composite (experimental)
53.6
/ 100 · EU-relative · 7/7 pillars
Economy55.5
Jobs40.5
Education26
Health89.5
Safety64
Connectivity85
Environment15
Equal-weighted percentile across 6 pillars vs all EU NUTS-3; lower-is-better indicators (crime, unemployment, mortality) inverted. Experimental — regional screening only.
Growth momentum · trend analytics
37.6
/ 100 momentum · EU-relative · 5/5 signals
GDP growth · 5-yr
+2.2%
CAGR, nominal
GDP growth · 10-yr
+1.9%
CAGR, nominal
Acceleration
+0.3 pp
5-yr vs 10-yr
vs country avg
-1.4 pp
inflation-adj.
Population · 5-yr
-0.4%
CAGR
Employment rate
+5.0 pp
5-yr change
Unemployment
-2.4 pp
5-yr change
Compound annual growth to the latest available year vs all EU NUTS-3; GDP is nominal EUR (“vs country avg” removes most national inflation). Screening signal, not a forecast.
Economic structure · gross value added by sector
Dominant: Finance · real estate · prof. · 30.8%Diversified · HHI 2169
Agriculture 4.2%Industry 19.9%Construction 5.7%Trade · transport · ICT 19.4%Finance · real estate · prof. 30.8%Public · health · education 19.9%
Share of total GVA (latest year). HHI = sum of squared sector shares ×10,000; higher means a more concentrated, single-sector-dependent economy (more cyclicality risk).
Trends · 2009–2023
GDP (current prices)
€9,721M2023
7.2% 1y 2.2% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 58
Real GDP (2020 prices)
€8,879M2025
0.6% 1y 2.3% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 61
Population
259,4602025
0.2% 1y 0.4% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 51
Unemployment rate
4.2%2025
44.8% 1y 9.5% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 48
Employment
129,9002023
1.6% 1y 0.2% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 55
Productivity / employee
€76,0602025
1.4% 1y 3.4% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 36
Gross value added
€8,733M2023
7.3% 1y 2.4% 5y CAGR
EU percentile 58
All indicators · 86 more metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€8,733M
2023 · EU pctl 58
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€369M
2023 · EU pctl 80
GVA — industry (B–E)
€1,736M
2023 · EU pctl 53
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€1,547M
2023 · EU pctl 58
GVA — construction (F)
€497M
2023 · EU pctl 54
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€1,697M
2023 · EU pctl 57
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source)
€23,000
2024 · EU pctl 41 · NUTS-2 src
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
38,800 PPS
2023 · EU pctl 70
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€37,300
2023 · EU pctl 57
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy)
€29,682M
2023 · EU pctl 80 · NUTS-2 src
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C)
€5,009M
2023 · EU pctl 84 · NUTS-2 src
Compensation of employees (total wage bill)
€51,756M
2023 · EU pctl 71 · NUTS-2 src
GVA — real estate activities (L)
€1,121M
2023 · EU pctl 57
GVA — information & communication (J)
€131M
2023 · EU pctl 47
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€2,689M
2023 · EU pctl 71
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€1,742M
2023 · EU pctl 55
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€8,879M
2025 · EU pctl 61
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€76,060
2025 · EU pctl 36
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€2,100M
2025 · EU pctl 57
Labour market
Employment, total persons
129,900
2023 · EU pctl 55
Self-employed persons
30,400
2023 · EU pctl 71
Employment in manufacturing (C)
17,700
2023 · EU pctl 51
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source)
73.7%
2025 · EU pctl 27 · NUTS-2 src
Youth unemployment rate (15–24)
15.1%
2025 · EU pctl 52 · NUTS-2 src
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
4.2%
2025 · EU pctl 48
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
122,400
2025 · EU pctl 49
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
22,079
2023 · EU pctl 63
Enterprise births
1,448
2023 · EU pctl 54
Enterprise deaths
1,171
2023 · EU pctl 54
3-year enterprise survival rate
3.3%
2023 · EU pctl 14
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP
1.4%
2023 · EU pctl 39 · NUTS-2 src
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total)
3.7%
2025 · EU pctl 34 · NUTS-2 src
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE)
1.5%
2023 · EU pctl 66 · NUTS-2 src
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64
23.8%
2025 · EU pctl 13 · NUTS-2 src
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool)
30.8%
2025 · EU pctl 13 · NUTS-2 src
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks)
11.7%
2025 · EU pctl 61 · NUTS-2 src
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force)
17.4%
2025 · EU pctl 12 · NUTS-2 src
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force)
4.9%
2025 · EU pctl 7 · NUTS-2 src
Digital
Households with internet access
96.6%
2025 · EU pctl 72 · NUTS-2 src
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
6,373,801
2025 · EU pctl 90
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants
744 /1k pop
2024 · EU pctl 97 · NUTS-2 src
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
3,796 kt
2025 · EU pctl 27
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
4,015
CURRENT · EU pctl 94
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
1,547
CURRENT · EU pctl 98
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²)
23 km/1000km²
2024 · EU pctl 47 · NUTS-2 src
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
74
CURRENT · EU pctl 70
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
2
CURRENT · EU pctl 50
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
159,800
2025 · EU pctl 50
Population aged 65+
70,552
2025 · EU pctl 59
Population aged under 15
29,108
2025 · EU pctl 43
Median age of population
50.5 yrs
2025 · EU pctl 87
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
44.2%
2025 · EU pctl 83
Crude rate of total population change
-2.0 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 30
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
4.6 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 48
Crude birth rate
6.0 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 15
Crude death rate
12.6 /1k
2024 · EU pctl 65
Live births
1,548
2024 · EU pctl 43
Deaths
3,267
2024 · EU pctl 55
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
62.4%
2025 · EU pctl 70
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
1.19
2024 · EU pctl 19
Population density (persons per km²)
68 /km²
2024 · EU pctl 27
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
242,637
2100 · EU pctl 55
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants
285 /100k
2024 · EU pctl 17 · NUTS-2 src
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate)
848 /100k
2021 · EU pctl 13 · NUTS-2 src
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate)
209 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 22 · NUTS-2 src
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.0 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 0
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
18.8 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 45
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
686 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 43
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants
51 /M pop
2024 · EU pctl 65 · NUTS-2 src
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.72
2022 · EU pctl 20
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.60
2022 · EU pctl 14
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.57
2022 · EU pctl 20
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.57
2022 · EU pctl 15
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.41
2022 · EU pctl 25
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.159/kWh
2025-S2 · EU pctl 54
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.048/kWh
2025-S2 · EU pctl 19
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
148 m
CURRENT · EU pctl 39
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
64 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 95
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
20 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 14
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
7 days/yr
CLIM_2014_2023 · EU pctl 74
Environment
NO2 (nitrogen dioxide) annual mean concentration — a traffic / combustion pollutant; mean across EEA monitoring stations within the region (verified E1a data). Lower is better.
20
2024 · EU pctl 85
Industrial facilities per 100k inhabitants (E-PRTR)
25.0 /100k
2023 · EU pctl 46
Population in the 100-year river floodplain (% of residents, EFAS × census grid)
1.9%
2021 · EU pctl 37
Similar regions · nearest peers on standardised NUTS-3 indicators
Other Italy regions