NUTS-3 ITI16 · Italy
Population
325,7492025
GDP
€10,731M2023
Unemployment· NUTS-2 source
4.3%2025
Employment· NUTS-2 source
76%2025
Active firms· FR-only
—
Cadastral parcels· FR-only
—
Area
1,222.3 km²
TerraSight · Compare
2 regions side-by-side
ITI16 · ITI19
Decision brief
Download brief (PDF)mandate-neutral · ranked by overall opportunity
Best overall fit: Siena (Opportunity 48). Runner-up: Livorno (43). Contrarian pick: Livorno — leads the set on Freight intensity (EU pctl 83).
#1Siena
Strengths
Demographic outlook (78) · Digital readiness (72)
Red flags
Long-run slide: down 18 EU ranks in real GDP per head since 1995 (relative decline, not absolute)
Why you might not pick Siena
Long-run slide: down 18 EU ranks in real GDP per head since 1995 (relative decline, not absolute). Its weakest dimension is Freight intensity (EU pctl 17) — Livorno may suit a mandate that weights that higher.
How robust is this recommendation?
The leader depends on the mandate: Logistics → Livorno · Manufacturing → Siena · Office → Siena · Residential → Siena.
Phase-2 diligence checklist
- Site-level grid connection capacity and power pricing (beyond country-grain energy data)
- Local incentives, tax regimes and permitting timelines
- Workforce depth for your specific roles (the talent pillar is a proxy)
- Real-estate availability, rents and land — public pan-EU data stops at the Nordics
This is a mandate-neutral read. To weight the pillars to your thesis, run these regions through the Site Screener — it ranks all 1,211 regions under your weights and exports the full PDF. First-pass macro screening, not investment advice.
Composite intelligence · 0–100 EU-percentile scores
Opportunity Indexscale + growth + access + structure
43.0
48.3
Resilience Indexdiversification, stability, buffers
38.0
47.5
Quality of Lifeprosperity, health, safety, environment
45.6
53.6
Connectivitytransit + air + market access
37.3
57.3
Talent & Human Capitalskills, learning, knowledge workers
23.3
23.3
Growth Momentumrecent GDP / employment trajectory
43.4
37.6
Trajectories · 2012–latest
Real GDP (2020 prices)
3.1% 5y
2.3% 5y
Population
0.4% 5y
0.4% 5y
Unemployment rate
5.5% 5y
9.5% 5y
Derived comparisons
GDP per capita
€32,942
€37,467
Population density
267 /km²
68 /km²
Parcels per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
Firms per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
All indicators · 86 metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€9,640M
€8,733M
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€83M
€369M
GVA — industry (B–E)
€1,331M
€1,736M
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€1,021M
€1,547M
GVA — construction (F)
€523M
€497M
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€2,885M
€1,697M
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
€23,000
€23,000
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
34,100 PPS
38,800 PPS
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€32,900
€37,300
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy) ·N2
€29,682M
€29,682M
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C) ·N2
€5,009M
€5,009M
Compensation of employees (total wage bill) ·N2
€51,756M
€51,756M
GVA — real estate activities (L)
€1,424M
€1,121M
GVA — information & communication (J)
€105M
€131M
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€2,696M
€2,689M
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€2,121M
€1,742M
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€9,801M
€8,879M
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€78,805
€76,060
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€2,318M
€2,100M
Labour market
Employment, total persons
138,400
129,900
Self-employed persons
32,900
30,400
Employment in manufacturing (C)
12,800
17,700
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
73.7%
73.7%
Youth unemployment rate (15–24) ·N2
15.1%
15.1%
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
4.3%
4.2%
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
152,700
122,400
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
25,709
22,079
Enterprise births
1,762
1,448
Enterprise deaths
1,443
1,171
3-year enterprise survival rate
3.9%
3.3%
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP ·N2
1.4%
1.4%
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total) ·N2
3.7%
3.7%
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE) ·N2
1.5%
1.5%
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64 ·N2
23.8%
23.8%
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool) ·N2
30.8%
30.8%
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks) ·N2
11.7%
11.7%
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force) ·N2
17.4%
17.4%
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force) ·N2
4.9%
4.9%
Digital
Households with internet access ·N2
96.6%
96.6%
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
11,376,271
6,373,801
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants ·N2
744 /1k
744 /1k
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
1,538
4,015
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
15,507 kt
3,796 kt
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
472
1,547
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²) ·N2
23 km/1000km²
23 km/1000km²
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
69
74
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
1
2
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
199,308
159,800
Population aged 65+
92,387
70,552
Population aged under 15
34,054
29,108
Median age of population
52.1 yrs
50.5 yrs
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
46.4%
44.2%
Crude rate of total population change
-1.7 /1k
-2.0 /1k
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
6.1 /1k
4.6 /1k
Crude birth rate
5.3 /1k
6.0 /1k
Crude death rate
13.0 /1k
12.6 /1k
Live births
1,712
1,548
Deaths
4,254
3,267
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
63.4%
62.4%
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
1.13
1.19
Population density (persons per km²)
271 /km²
68 /km²
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
267,665
242,637
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) ·N2
18.1%
18.1%
Life expectancy at birth ·N2
84.2 yrs
84.2 yrs
At-risk-of-poverty rate (regional) ·N2
12.8%
12.8%
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants ·N2
285 /100k
285 /100k
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate) ·N2
848 /100k
848 /100k
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate) ·N2
209 /100k
209 /100k
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
1.2 /100k
0.0 /100k
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
31.8 /100k
18.8 /100k
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
1,611 /100k
686 /100k
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants ·N2
51 /M
51 /M
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.72
0.72
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.60
0.60
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.57
0.57
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.57
0.57
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.41
0.41
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.159/kWh
€0.159/kWh
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.048/kWh
€0.048/kWh
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
286 m
148 m
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
11 days/yr
64 days/yr
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
1 days/yr
20 days/yr
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
7 days/yr
7 days/yr