NUTS-3 ES413 · Spain
Population
448,0302025
GDP
€12,194M2023
Unemployment· NUTS-2 source
8.6%2025
Employment· NUTS-2 source
74.3%2025
Active firms· FR-only
—
Cadastral parcels· FR-only
—
Area
15,571.8 km²
TerraSight · Compare
2 regions side-by-side
ES413 · ITI16
Decision brief
Download brief (PDF)mandate-neutral · ranked by overall opportunity
Best overall fit: León (Opportunity 47). Runner-up: Livorno (43). Contrarian pick: Livorno — leads the set on Digital readiness (EU pctl 72).
#1León
Strengths
Energy cost (95) · Freight intensity (83)
Red flags
Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%)
Why you might not pick León
Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%). Its weakest dimension is Demographic outlook (EU pctl 7) — Livorno may suit a mandate that weights that higher.
How robust is this recommendation?
The leader depends on the mandate: Logistics → Livorno · Manufacturing → León · Office → Livorno · Residential → Livorno.
Phase-2 diligence checklist
- Site-level grid connection capacity and power pricing (beyond country-grain energy data)
- Local incentives, tax regimes and permitting timelines
- Workforce depth for your specific roles (the talent pillar is a proxy)
- Real-estate availability, rents and land — public pan-EU data stops at the Nordics
This is a mandate-neutral read. To weight the pillars to your thesis, run these regions through the Site Screener — it ranks all 1,211 regions under your weights and exports the full PDF. First-pass macro screening, not investment advice.
Composite intelligence · 0–100 EU-percentile scores
Opportunity Indexscale + growth + access + structure
47.3
43.0
Resilience Indexdiversification, stability, buffers
38.3
38.0
Quality of Lifeprosperity, health, safety, environment
51.3
45.6
Clean AirPM2.5 / PM10 / NO₂ inverted
53.3
—
Connectivitytransit + air + market access
15.7
37.3
Talent & Human Capitalskills, learning, knowledge workers
60.3
23.3
Growth Momentumrecent GDP / employment trajectory
53.8
43.4
Trajectories · 2012–latest
Real GDP (2020 prices)
3.8% 5y
3.1% 5y
Population
0.4% 5y
0.4% 5y
Unemployment rate
8.9% 5y
5.5% 5y
Derived comparisons
GDP per capita
€27,216
€32,942
Population density
29 /km²
267 /km²
Parcels per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
Firms per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
All indicators · 89 metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€11,127M
€9,640M
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€530M
€83M
GVA — industry (B–E)
€1,820M
€1,331M
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€1,163M
€1,021M
GVA — construction (F)
€694M
€523M
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€2,776M
€2,885M
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
€18,500
€23,000
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
30,500 PPS
34,100 PPS
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€27,200
€32,900
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy) ·N2
€13,527M
€29,682M
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C) ·N2
€2,707M
€5,009M
Compensation of employees (total wage bill) ·N2
€32,274M
€51,756M
GVA — real estate activities (L)
—
€1,424M
GVA — information & communication (J)
—
€105M
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€2,462M
€2,696M
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€2,846M
€2,121M
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€11,193M
€9,801M
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€73,607
€78,805
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€2,677M
€2,318M
Labour market
Employment, total persons
178,200
138,400
Self-employed persons
30,900
32,900
Employment in manufacturing (C)
17,800
12,800
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
75.7%
73.7%
Youth unemployment rate (15–24) ·N2
24.7%
15.1%
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
8.6%
4.3%
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
210,300
152,700
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
29,732
25,709
Enterprise births
1,992
1,762
Enterprise deaths
2,036
1,443
3-year enterprise survival rate
3.5%
3.9%
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP ·N2
1.4%
1.4%
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total) ·N2
3.3%
3.7%
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE) ·N2
1.1%
1.5%
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64 ·N2
42.1%
23.8%
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool) ·N2
52.3%
30.8%
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks) ·N2
15.3%
11.7%
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force) ·N2
22.8%
17.4%
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force) ·N2
7.3%
4.9%
Digital
Households with internet access ·N2
96.0%
96.6%
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
2,002,862
11,376,271
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants ·N2
601 /1k
744 /1k
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
21,025 kt
15,507 kt
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
56
1,538
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²) ·N2
26 km/1000km²
23 km/1000km²
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
13
472
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
103
69
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
0
1
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
272,544
199,308
Population aged 65+
131,756
92,387
Population aged under 15
43,730
34,054
Median age of population
52.4 yrs
52.1 yrs
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
48.3%
46.4%
Crude rate of total population change
0.5 /1k
-1.7 /1k
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
9.6 /1k
6.1 /1k
Crude birth rate
4.5 /1k
5.3 /1k
Crude death rate
13.6 /1k
13.0 /1k
Live births
1,999
1,712
Deaths
6,087
4,254
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
64.4%
63.4%
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
0.94
1.13
Population density (persons per km²)
29 /km²
271 /km²
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
233,601
267,665
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) ·N2
24.1%
18.1%
Life expectancy at birth ·N2
84.8 yrs
84.2 yrs
At-risk-of-poverty rate (regional) ·N2
19.8%
12.8%
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants ·N2
343 /100k
285 /100k
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate) ·N2
749 /100k
848 /100k
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate) ·N2
212 /100k
209 /100k
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.5 /100k
1.2 /100k
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
36.4 /100k
31.8 /100k
Burglaries per 100k inhabitants
210 /100k
—
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
190 /100k
1,611 /100k
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants ·N2
68 /M
51 /M
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
1.14
0.72
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.84
0.60
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.96
0.57
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.78
0.57
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.16
0.41
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.106/kWh
€0.159/kWh
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.048/kWh
€0.048/kWh
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
1,039 m
286 m
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
16 days/yr
11 days/yr
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
63 days/yr
1 days/yr
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
4 days/yr
7 days/yr