NUTS-3 ES413 · Spain
Population
448,0302025
GDP
€12,194M2023
Unemployment· NUTS-2 source
8.6%2025
Employment· NUTS-2 source
74.3%2025
Active firms· FR-only
—
Cadastral parcels· FR-only
—
Area
15,571.8 km²
TerraSight · Compare
2 regions side-by-side
ES413 · ITH56
Decision brief
Download brief (PDF)mandate-neutral · ranked by overall opportunity
Best overall fit: Ferrara (Opportunity 49). Runner-up: León (47). Contrarian pick: León — leads the set on Energy cost (EU pctl 95).
#1Ferrara
Strengths
Digital readiness (64) · Industrial base (58)
Red flags
Flood: 36% of population in the 100-year floodplain
Long-run slide: down 31 EU ranks in real GDP per head since 1995 (relative decline, not absolute)
#2León
Strengths
Energy cost (95) · Freight intensity (83)
Red flags
Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%)
Why you might not pick Ferrara
Flood: 36% of population in the 100-year floodplain; Long-run slide: down 31 EU ranks in real GDP per head since 1995 (relative decline, not absolute). Its weakest dimension is Governance (EU pctl 20) — León may suit a mandate that weights that higher.
How robust is this recommendation?
The leader depends on the mandate: Logistics → León · Manufacturing → León · Office → León · Residential → Ferrara.
Phase-2 diligence checklist
- Site-level grid connection capacity and power pricing (beyond country-grain energy data)
- Local incentives, tax regimes and permitting timelines
- Workforce depth for your specific roles (the talent pillar is a proxy)
- Real-estate availability, rents and land — public pan-EU data stops at the Nordics
- Flood defences, return-period design and insurance for flagged regions
This is a mandate-neutral read. To weight the pillars to your thesis, run these regions through the Site Screener — it ranks all 1,211 regions under your weights and exports the full PDF. First-pass macro screening, not investment advice.
Composite intelligence · 0–100 EU-percentile scores
Opportunity Indexscale + growth + access + structure
47.3
49.2
Resilience Indexdiversification, stability, buffers
38.3
47.8
Quality of Lifeprosperity, health, safety, environment
51.3
48.5
Clean AirPM2.5 / PM10 / NO₂ inverted
53.3
—
Connectivitytransit + air + market access
15.7
37.3
Talent & Human Capitalskills, learning, knowledge workers
60.3
34.3
Growth Momentumrecent GDP / employment trajectory
53.8
32.2
Trajectories · 2012–latest
Real GDP (2020 prices)
3.8% 5y
1.4% 5y
Population
0.4% 5y
0.3% 5y
Unemployment rate
8.9% 5y
9.9% 5y
Derived comparisons
GDP per capita
€27,216
€30,181
Population density
29 /km²
129 /km²
Parcels per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
Firms per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
All indicators · 89 metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€11,127M
€9,208M
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€530M
€314M
GVA — industry (B–E)
€1,820M
€2,027M
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€1,163M
€1,749M
GVA — construction (F)
€694M
€484M
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€2,776M
€1,743M
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
€18,500
€25,400
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
30,500 PPS
31,300 PPS
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€27,200
€30,200
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy) ·N2
€13,527M
€45,497M
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C) ·N2
€2,707M
€12,104M
Compensation of employees (total wage bill) ·N2
€32,274M
€74,553M
GVA — real estate activities (L)
—
€1,459M
GVA — information & communication (J)
—
€113M
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€2,462M
€2,762M
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€2,846M
€1,875M
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€11,193M
€9,271M
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€73,607
€78,799
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€2,677M
€2,437M
Labour market
Employment, total persons
178,200
134,000
Self-employed persons
30,900
33,400
Employment in manufacturing (C)
17,800
21,900
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
75.7%
74.5%
Youth unemployment rate (15–24) ·N2
24.7%
17.4%
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
8.6%
4.1%
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
210,300
157,900
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
29,732
24,017
Enterprise births
1,992
1,673
Enterprise deaths
2,036
1,349
3-year enterprise survival rate
3.5%
3.7%
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP ·N2
1.4%
2.1%
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total) ·N2
3.3%
3.8%
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE) ·N2
1.1%
2.1%
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64 ·N2
42.1%
25.3%
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool) ·N2
52.3%
36.2%
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks) ·N2
15.3%
13.1%
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force) ·N2
22.8%
19.2%
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force) ·N2
7.3%
5.3%
Digital
Households with internet access ·N2
96.0%
96.2%
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
2,002,862
2,929,436
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants ·N2
601 /1k
691 /1k
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
21,025 kt
6,842 kt
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
56
2
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²) ·N2
26 km/1000km²
31 km/1000km²
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
13
1
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
103
50
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
0
2
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
272,544
206,324
Population aged 65+
131,756
98,959
Population aged under 15
43,730
34,329
Median age of population
52.4 yrs
52.5 yrs
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
48.3%
48.0%
Crude rate of total population change
0.5 /1k
-0.2 /1k
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
9.6 /1k
8.8 /1k
Crude birth rate
4.5 /1k
5.1 /1k
Crude death rate
13.6 /1k
14.0 /1k
Live births
1,999
1,723
Deaths
6,087
4,749
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
64.4%
64.6%
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
0.94
1.11
Population density (persons per km²)
29 /km²
139 /km²
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
233,601
272,864
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) ·N2
24.1%
8.2%
Life expectancy at birth ·N2
84.8 yrs
84.3 yrs
At-risk-of-poverty rate (regional) ·N2
19.8%
6.7%
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants ·N2
343 /100k
369 /100k
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate) ·N2
749 /100k
860 /100k
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate) ·N2
212 /100k
212 /100k
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.5 /100k
0.6 /100k
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
36.4 /100k
34.2 /100k
Burglaries per 100k inhabitants
210 /100k
—
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
190 /100k
1,358 /100k
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants ·N2
68 /M
61 /M
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
1.14
0.72
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.84
0.60
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.96
0.57
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.78
0.57
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.16
0.41
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.106/kWh
€0.159/kWh
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.048/kWh
€0.048/kWh
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
1,039 m
0 m
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
16 days/yr
55 days/yr
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
63 days/yr
30 days/yr
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
4 days/yr
6 days/yr