NUTS-3 RO422 · Romania
Population
242,2322025
GDP
€3,655M2024
Unemployment· NUTS-2 source
5.1%2025
Employment· NUTS-2 source
66.5%2025
Active firms· FR-only
—
Cadastral parcels· FR-only
—
Area
8,527 km²
TerraSight · Compare
2 regions side-by-side
RO422 · BG412
Decision brief
Download brief (PDF)mandate-neutral · ranked by overall opportunity
Best overall fit: София (Opportunity 34). Runner-up: Caraş-Severin (26). Contrarian pick: Caraş-Severin — leads the set on Cost advantage (EU pctl 94).
#1София
Strengths
Industrial base (98) · Freight intensity (90)
Red flags
Economic base (EU bottom 15%)
Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%)
Governance (EU bottom 15%)
Resilience (EU bottom 15%)
Strengths
Cost advantage (94) · Digital readiness (60)
Red flags
Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%)
Labour market (EU bottom 15%)
Freight intensity (EU bottom 15%)
Governance (EU bottom 15%)
Why you might not pick София
Economic base (EU bottom 15%); Demographic outlook (EU bottom 15%); Governance (EU bottom 15%); Resilience (EU bottom 15%). Its weakest dimension is Governance (EU pctl 0) — Caraş-Severin may suit a mandate that weights that higher.
How robust is this recommendation?
София leads under all four archetype mandates — the recommendation is weight-stable.
Phase-2 diligence checklist
- Site-level grid connection capacity and power pricing (beyond country-grain energy data)
- Local incentives, tax regimes and permitting timelines
- Workforce depth for your specific roles (the talent pillar is a proxy)
- Real-estate availability, rents and land — public pan-EU data stops at the Nordics
This is a mandate-neutral read. To weight the pillars to your thesis, run these regions through the Site Screener — it ranks all 1,211 regions under your weights and exports the full PDF. First-pass macro screening, not investment advice.
Composite intelligence · 0–100 EU-percentile scores
Opportunity Indexscale + growth + access + structure
25.9
33.6
Resilience Indexdiversification, stability, buffers
39.8
9.8
Quality of Lifeprosperity, health, safety, environment
28.3
41.5
Connectivitytransit + air + market access
17.0
32.0
Talent & Human Capitalskills, learning, knowledge workers
33.8
65.0
Growth Momentumrecent GDP / employment trajectory
46.2
60.8
Trajectories · 2012–latest
Real GDP (2020 prices)
4.6% 5y
0.5% 5y
Population
2.1% 5y
2.5% 5y
Unemployment rate
2.5% 5y
11.5% 5y
Derived comparisons
GDP per capita
€15,091
€12,898
Population density
28 /km²
32 /km²
Parcels per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
Firms per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
All indicators · 87 metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€3,312M
€2,529M
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€174M
€90M
GVA — industry (B–E)
€483M
€1,245M
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€413M
€1,137M
GVA — construction (F)
€252M
€82M
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€1,107M
€480M
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
€9,900
€11,300
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
24,900 PPS
20,800 PPS
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€15,000
€12,800
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy) ·N2
€5,950M
€9,359M
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C) ·N2
€880M
€686M
Compensation of employees (total wage bill) ·N2
€11,679M
€21,611M
GVA — real estate activities (L)
€407M
€255M
GVA — information & communication (J)
€19M
€21M
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€608M
€319M
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€688M
€313M
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€2,842M
€2,156M
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€57,394
€29,249
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€785M
€673M
Labour market
Employment, total persons
70,900
97,620
Self-employed persons
9,580
26,810
Employment in manufacturing (C)
15,490
23,540
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
64.5%
76.5%
Youth unemployment rate (15–24) ·N2
31.2%
6.6%
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
5.2%
1.9%
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
96,900
109,300
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
8,670
9,759
Enterprise births
874
1,059
Enterprise deaths
561
1,313
3-year enterprise survival rate
5.4%
5.1%
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP ·N2
1.2%
1.3%
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total) ·N2
6.5%
10.2%
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE) ·N2
0.6%
1.6%
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64 ·N2
19.4%
44.5%
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool) ·N2
17.3%
48.4%
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks) ·N2
10.3%
5.4%
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force) ·N2
18.9%
32.4%
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force) ·N2
9.1%
11.7%
Digital
Households with internet access ·N2
96.0%
95.9%
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
633,964
707,173
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants ·N2
476 /1k
525 /1k
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
1,678 kt
11,957 kt
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
100
29
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²) ·N2
8 km/1000km²
15 km/1000km²
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
41
13
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
94
46
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
1
2
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
151,098
138,452
Population aged 65+
59,186
54,464
Population aged under 15
31,948
31,785
Median age of population
47.7 yrs
47.8 yrs
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
39.2%
39.3%
Crude rate of total population change
-6.0 /1k
-7.6 /1k
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
2.2 /1k
1.3 /1k
Crude birth rate
6.4 /1k
8.5 /1k
Crude death rate
14.6 /1k
17.5 /1k
Live births
1,549
1,927
Deaths
3,546
3,944
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
60.3%
62.3%
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
1.33
1.89
Population density (persons per km²)
29 /km²
32 /km²
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
122,507
121,034
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) ·N2
20.2%
19.8%
Life expectancy at birth ·N2
76.4 yrs
77.0 yrs
At-risk-of-poverty rate (regional) ·N2
11.9%
13.6%
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants ·N2
805 /100k
792 /100k
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate) ·N2
1,939 /100k
2,069 /100k
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate) ·N2
249 /100k
194 /100k
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.0 /100k
2.2 /100k
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
6.2 /100k
8.8 /100k
Burglaries per 100k inhabitants
154 /100k
24.3 /100k
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
163 /100k
271 /100k
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants ·N2
68 /M
40 /M
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.20
-0.07
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.39
0.25
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.44
-0.10
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.07
-0.14
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.55
0.33
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.155/kWh
€0.135/kWh
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.051/kWh
€0.041/kWh
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
1,297 m
651 m
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
0 days/yr
13 days/yr
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
146 days/yr
84 days/yr
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
9 days/yr
3 days/yr