NUTS-3 PL821 · Poland
Population
430,4152025
GDP
€5,228M2023
Unemployment· NUTS-2 source
3.6%2025
Employment· NUTS-2 source
73.2%2025
Active firms· FR-only
—
Cadastral parcels· FR-only
—
Area
5,540.1 km²
TerraSight · Compare
2 regions side-by-side
PL821 · PL712
Decision brief
Download brief (PDF)mandate-neutral · ranked by overall opportunity
Best overall fit: Łódzki (Opportunity 45). Runner-up: Krośnieński (35). Contrarian pick: Krośnieński — leads the set on Cost advantage (EU pctl 94).
Strengths
Cost advantage (94) · Digital readiness (86)
Red flags
Economic base (EU bottom 15%)
Governance (EU bottom 15%)
Why you might not pick Łódzki
Governance (EU bottom 15%). Its weakest dimension is Governance (EU pctl 14) — Krośnieński may suit a mandate that weights that higher.
How robust is this recommendation?
Łódzki leads under all four archetype mandates — the recommendation is weight-stable.
Phase-2 diligence checklist
- Site-level grid connection capacity and power pricing (beyond country-grain energy data)
- Local incentives, tax regimes and permitting timelines
- Workforce depth for your specific roles (the talent pillar is a proxy)
- Real-estate availability, rents and land — public pan-EU data stops at the Nordics
This is a mandate-neutral read. To weight the pillars to your thesis, run these regions through the Site Screener — it ranks all 1,211 regions under your weights and exports the full PDF. First-pass macro screening, not investment advice.
Composite intelligence · 0–100 EU-percentile scores
Opportunity Indexscale + growth + access + structure
35.1
44.5
Resilience Indexdiversification, stability, buffers
18.0
31.5
Quality of Lifeprosperity, health, safety, environment
36.7
33.4
Clean AirPM2.5 / PM10 / NO₂ inverted
41.7
15.3
Connectivitytransit + air + market access
20.7
44.0
Talent & Human Capitalskills, learning, knowledge workers
41.0
58.0
Growth Momentumrecent GDP / employment trajectory
56.6
63.4
Trajectories · 2012–latest
Real GDP (2020 prices)
3.9% 5y
2.6% 5y
Population
1.7% 5y
0.1% 5y
Unemployment rate
3.5% 5y
3.8% 5y
Derived comparisons
GDP per capita
€12,145
€16,770
Population density
78 /km²
174 /km²
Parcels per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
Firms per 1k pop
FR-only
FR-only
All indicators · 87 metrics (Eurostat, all-EU)
Economy
Gross value added, total (current prices)
€4,723M
€5,832M
GVA — agriculture, forestry & fishing (A)
€97M
€197M
GVA — industry (B–E)
€1,526M
€1,804M
GVA — manufacturing (C)
€1,100M
€1,698M
GVA — construction (F)
€352M
€439M
GVA — wholesale/retail, transport, ICT (G–J)
€954M
€1,739M
Net disposable household income per capita (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
€9,600
€12,000
GDP per capita in PPS (purchasing-power adjusted)
17,600 PPS
23,800 PPS
GDP per capita (current prices, EUR)
€11,900
€16,100
Gross fixed capital formation — investment (total economy) ·N2
€5,847M
€7,147M
Investment in manufacturing capex (GFCF, NACE C) ·N2
€1,209M
€1,531M
Compensation of employees (total wage bill) ·N2
€11,647M
€16,889M
GVA — finance, real estate & professional (K–N)
€653M
€850M
GVA — public admin, health & education (O–U)
€1,141M
€802M
Real GDP (constant 2020 prices, incl. short-term forecast)
€4,576M
€5,386M
Labour productivity per person employed (EUR)
€38,535
€49,586
Gross fixed capital formation, NUTS-3 (ARDECO)
€1,260M
€1,191M
Labour market
Employment, total persons
172,500
161,900
Self-employed persons
30,800
29,500
Employment in manufacturing (C)
35,100
42,300
Activity rate, 15–64 (NUTS-2 source) ·N2
69.5%
76.6%
Youth unemployment rate (15–24) ·N2
21.3%
13.1%
Unemployment rate 15-74, NUTS-3 native (ARDECO)
3.6%
3.5%
Labour force aged 15+ (ARDECO)
190,700
190,100
Business demography
Active enterprises (business economy, all sizes)
23,261
28,620
Enterprise births
2,612
2,824
Enterprise deaths
3,077
3,551
3-year enterprise survival rate
5.7%
5.4%
Innovation & R&D
R&D expenditure as % of GDP ·N2
1.2%
1.0%
Employment in high-tech sectors (% of total) ·N2
2.3%
4.8%
R&D personnel (% of active population, FTE) ·N2
0.7%
0.8%
Education
Tertiary education attainment, age 25–64 ·N2
34.2%
37.7%
Tertiary attainment, age 25–34 (young talent pool) ·N2
42.2%
41.8%
Adult participation in learning, age 25–64 (last 4 weeks) ·N2
5.8%
10.1%
Knowledge workers — tertiary-educated & in science/tech (% of labour force) ·N2
24.7%
26.4%
Scientists & engineers (% of labour force) ·N2
8.1%
9.6%
Digital
Households with internet access ·N2
97.9%
94.0%
Tourism
Nights spent at tourist accommodation (total)
1,893,692
290,464
Mobility
Passenger cars per 1,000 inhabitants ·N2
612 /1k
632 /1k
Road freight loaded (annual, thousand tonnes)
12,279 kt
14,723 kt
Distinct public-transport stop locations within the region (GTFS feeds, deduplicated across overlapping feeds by coordinate). A measure of transit-network extent.
57
38
Motorway density (km per 1,000 km²) ·N2
9 km/1000km²
15 km/1000km²
Public-transport stops per 100,000 inhabitants — transit service density relative to population (GTFS feeds, coordinate-deduplicated).
13
10
Distance from the region centroid to the nearest major (large) airport, in km - air-connectivity accessibility. Lower is better.
75
29
Number of major (large) airports within 100 km of the region centroid - air-hub catchment richness.
2
3
Demography
Population aged 15–64 (working age)
274,835
245,499
Population aged 65+
93,580
84,099
Population aged under 15
62,000
55,257
Median age of population
44.6 yrs
45.0 yrs
Old-age dependency ratio (65+ / 15–64)
34.0%
34.3%
Crude rate of total population change
-7.6 /1k
-0.6 /1k
Crude rate of net migration plus adjustment
-2.9 /1k
5.8 /1k
Crude birth rate
6.0 /1k
5.8 /1k
Crude death rate
10.7 /1k
12.2 /1k
Live births
2,583
2,252
Deaths
4,610
4,710
Total age-dependency ratio (young+old / 15-64)
56.6%
56.8%
Total fertility rate (births per woman)
1.07
1.07
Population density (persons per km²)
79 /km²
175 /km²
Projected population, 2030–2040 (EUROPOP2019 baseline)
311,513
287,068
Social
At risk of poverty or social exclusion (AROPE) ·N2
18.4%
16.8%
Life expectancy at birth ·N2
79.5 yrs
77.5 yrs
At-risk-of-poverty rate (regional) ·N2
16.5%
14.9%
Health
Hospital beds per 100k inhabitants ·N2
691 /100k
551 /100k
Mortality, all causes (age-standardised rate) ·N2
1,450 /100k
1,585 /100k
Cancer mortality (age-standardised rate) ·N2
217 /100k
267 /100k
Safety & crime
Intentional homicides per 100k inhabitants
0.9 /100k
0.5 /100k
Robberies per 100k inhabitants
5.8 /100k
3.4 /100k
Burglaries per 100k inhabitants
60.2 /100k
136 /100k
Thefts per 100k inhabitants
63.6 /100k
223 /100k
Road traffic deaths per million inhabitants ·N2
53 /M
61 /M
Governance & institutions
Government effectiveness, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.52
0.52
Regulatory quality, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.69
0.69
Rule of law, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.35
0.35
Control of corruption, WGI score -2.5..2.5 (country)
0.67
0.67
Political stability & absence of violence, WGI score (country)
0.54
0.54
Energy
Industrial electricity price, 2-20 GWh band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.113/kWh
€0.113/kWh
Industrial gas price, 10-100k GJ band, excl. taxes (national)
€0.064/kWh
€0.064/kWh
Climate
Elevation at region centroid (Copernicus DEM)
453 m
205 m
Hot days ≥30°C (avg per year)
3 days/yr
7 days/yr
Frost days ≤0°C (avg per year)
99 days/yr
86 days/yr
Heavy-precipitation days ≥20mm (avg per year)
6 days/yr
2 days/yr